| kafir lime 發瘋柑 Edited by: Joe Hing kwok Chu
Pharmaceutical name: 英文藥名﹕ | Folium Citri hystrix Pericarpium Citri hystrix | Botanical name: 學名﹕ | Citrus hystrix DC | Pron. in Japanese: 日語發音﹕ | | Pron. in Korean: 韓語發音﹕ | | Pron. in Cantonese 粵音﹕ | faat3 fung1 gam1 | Other Names: 別名﹕ | | Common Name: 英文名﹕ | English: Indonesian lime leaves, wild lime, kaffir lime, mauritius papeda Indonesian: jeruk purut | Distribution: 產地﹕ | throughout South East Asia. 東南亞各地。 | Properties (characteristics)﹕ 性味﹕ | | Channels (meridians) entered: 歸經﹕ | | | Medical functions: 藥理﹕ | - anti-tumor promoter
- anti-bacteria
- anti-virus
- anti-fertility
- Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide and interferon-g-induced nitric oxide generation
- contains furocoumarins (豆香素) which are psoralens (補骨脂素 which can cause phototoxicity leading to delayed erythema with blistering and often followed by hyper-pigmentation.
- 抵抗致癌促進劑
- 抗细菌
- 抗病毒
- 抗生育
- 抑制多糖 （lipopolysaccharide) 與 干擾素-g 所引起的 一氧化氮
- 所含的豆香素 (補骨脂素) 會致對光不良反應而導致延遲發生紅班與水泡跟住發生嚴重色素沉澱 （皮膚變黑）。
| Actions & Indications: 主治﹕ | fruit being used in influenza: slice open a fruit and boil with water. Use as tea. | Chemical ingredients: 化學成份﹕ | coumarins, viz, bergamottin, oxypeucedanin and 5-[(6',7'-dihydroxy-3',7'-dimethyl-2-octenyl)oxy]psoralen (4).
The oil contains (-)-(S)-citronellal, which is contained in the leaf oil up to 80%; minor components are citronellol (10%), nerol and d-limonene..The major compounds contained in peel oil were β-pinene (27%), limonene (24.7%) and sabinene (13.8%) while α-terpeneol (15.8%), β-pinene (15.1 %) and limonene (9.1 %) were the major compounds of fruit oil.[1] Two glyceroglycolipids were isolated from the leaves:1,2-di-O-α-linolenoyl-3-O-ß-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (DLGG) and 1-O-α-linolenoyl-2-O-palmitoyl-3-O-ß-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (LPGG) [3] The leaves also contain a-tocopherol at a concentration of 398.3 mg/kg)[4] | Dosage: 用 量﹕ | | Samples of formulae: 處方舉 例﹕ | | Modern Research: 現代研究﹕ | http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jafcau/1999/47/i01/abs/jf980523e.html | Toxicity & Cautions: 毒素與禁忌﹕ | Do not use during pregnancy. Do not use kafir in meat or fish in high heat cooking. It may increase the chance of developing liver cancer. Enhancement of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline induced hepatocarcinogenesis. The effects of Citrus hystrix (nan jiang) on hepatocarcinogenesis was investigated in a medium-term bioassay using F344 male rats. The rats were given 1% dried C. hystrix leaves plus 0.03% 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline in the diet for 6 weeks, beginning 2 weeks after an initial single intraperitoneal injection of diethylnitrosamine (200 mg/kg body weight). Controls were given 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline (0.03%), Citrus. hystrix (1%) or basal diet alone. The rats did not show abnormal signs and no deaths occurred during the experimental period. Food intake in the various groups was also not significantly different. The rats fed C. hystrix plus 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f )-quinoxaline showed significant increases in both the number and mean sizes of GST-P positive foci as compared to controls fed 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f )quinoxaline alone. C. hystrix alone had no effect on the development of GST-P positive foci. This showed that the combined administration of C. hystrix and 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimi- dazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline significantly enhanced the hepatocarcinogenic effect of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline. This finding is in contrast to the in vitro findings of inhibition of tumor promoter-induced EBV activation by C. hystrix. It is thus important to avoid consuming C. hystrix with heavily cooked meats and fish that are likely to contain 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f )quinoxaline
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Explanation Hepatocarcinogenesis: the process of developing cancer in the liver. Diethylnitrosamine: an organic compound which is a derivatives of ethylnitrosamine. It is present in various foods and other products and found to be carcinogenic in laboratory animals. F344 rats: Fischer 344 rats, which are white albinos rats. They are produced by inbreeding (brother x sister) so they are genetically very close to each other. Studies done in different labs, or at different times, using pure strain rats, yield reproducible results and each study requires fewer animals than would a "non-pure" strain study. But, the draw back of using pure strain rat is that humans are not "pure strain" and F344 genetic homogeneity is far from human variability 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline (MeIQx) is a carcinogen found in meat or fish cooked in high temperature. A study found that meat cooked with Asian marinate sauces significantly reduced the carcinogens. See: Nutrition and Cancer, Volume 34, Issue 2 July 1999 , pages 147 - 152 Intraperitoneal injection or IP injection is the injection of a substance into the body cavity. GST-P: glutathione S-transferase pi (GST-P), is frequently used as a marker to detect hepatocellular foci and neoplasms (tumor) in the rats.
[1] Identification of Essential Oil Composition of Peel and Fruits of Citrus hystrix DC. By: Safian M.F., and Mohamad Ali N.A., and Yury, N., and Zainal Ariffin Z, (2005) Identification of Essential Oil Composition of Peel and Fruits of Citrus hystrix DC. Malaysian Journal of Science, 24 (1). pp. 109-111. ISSN 13943065 [2] Koh D, Ong CN. Phytophotodermatitis due to the application of Citrus hystrix as a folk remedy. 1999; 140: 737-738 [3] Murakami A, Nakamura Y, Koshimizu K, Ohigashi H. Glyceroglycolipids from Citrus hystrix, a traditional herb in Thailand, potently inhibit the tumor-promoting activity of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorpol 13-acetate in mouse skin. 1995; 43: 2779-2783 [4] Ling SL and Mohamed S. Alpha-Tocopherol content in 62 edible tropical plants. 2001; 49: 3101-3105 |