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中藥詞典    Chinese Herb Dictionary      

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Major Tibetan language 西藏三個主要方言 (in English and Chinese 中英文)

Translated by: Joe Hing Kwok Chu 朱興國編譯

Now three major dialects of Tibet:

1. Amdo

2. Weizang

3. Kham

  Within these three Tibetan dialects there also exist the sub-dialects, such as:

1. Amdo Tibetan dialect is divided into An Duo dialect and Zhuo Chang dialects. The differences of  these subdialect of these people are small.

2. Weizang dialect is divided into Lhasa dialect and Xigaze dialect. The differences of these two dialects are small.

3. Kham dialect is divided into mainly Yushu Kham dialect, Litang Kham dialect and Deqing Kham dialect. Their differences are great. Usuually it is difficult to communicate among the subdialect groups.

The modern Tibetan written language is largely is uniform, and spoken language varies from place to place. As the Tibetan saying goes: “Each Lama has his own set of sutra,  and each place has its own language”. Oral standard Tibetan Tibetans recognized by the whole nation has not yet been established.

In the large dialect Amdo dialect, Weizang dialect and Kham dialects which are generally three largest localized Tibetan dialects. It is difficult for the different group to communicate with each other using their own dialect, and basically could not understand each other. To communicate they usually use the Han language. Han is the majority ethnic group of China.

 I. Amdo dialect is spoken (in Qinghai, Gansu, and Sichuan) by more than 280 million people, including those in :

1. Guoluo, Huangnan, Hainan, Haibei autonomous prefectures, Haidong Region of  Qinghai, province

2. part of the Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu province,

3. part of Ganzi and Aba two Tibetan autonomous prefecture of Sichuan province.

II. Weizang dialect is probably spoken by more than 200 million, living in geographical Tibet province except in Qamdo county

III. Kham dialect is probably spoken by more than 90 million, mainly distributed in:

1. Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai province,

2. Dechen Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province,

3. Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan province, Chang Du area and Nagqu Zong area of Tibet province.

The differences of these three Tibetan dialects are sound of the languages, tones of the sound, the enunciation the the vowels and the amount ending sounds. The people call themselves as Amdo people, Weizang amd Kham people according to the dialects they use.

 The use of these dialects point to the view the people of the importance and identity of the three dialects in the hearts of the Tibetan people.

現在藏語方言有三 大藏語方言：

1. 安多 藏語方 言、

2. 衛藏 藏語方言

3. 康 藏語方言

但是這些方言內部 還存在著小方言，比如;

安多藏語方言中又 分為安多純正方言和卓倉藏語方言，這兩個地方的人交流起來基本上沒有什麼問題，其 中差異很小。

在衛藏方言裡面還 有拉薩方言和日喀則方言，這兩個小方言當中差異也很小。

康方言當中也有內 部小方言，現在主要有玉樹康方言、理塘康方言和德慶康方言，而在這個小方言當中差異很嚴重，一般兩 地 人使用起來很難交流。

現代藏語的一個明 顯特點是書面語大體統一，口語因地而異。正像藏族俗語所說的：一個喇嘛一套經，一個地方一種話。

藏族全民族都公認 的口頭標准藏語尚未通過確定下來。在大方言安多方言、衛藏方言和康巴方言當中，一般這三個地方的藏族人 很難交流溝通，方言差別很大，基本上都聽不懂，只能用漢語來 交流。

在現在的各個藏區 當中：

說安多藏語方言的 藏族人大概有280多萬，包括的地域為青海的果 洛、黃南、海南、海北、海西幾個自治州 、海東地區和甘肅的甘南藏族自治州、天祝藏族自治縣以及四川的甘孜的一部分和阿壩兩個藏族自治州。

說衛藏藏語方言的 藏族人口大概有200多萬，地域包括西藏的各個 地方除西藏的昌都以外。

說康方言的藏族人 口大概有90多萬，主要分布在青海的玉樹藏族自治州、雲南的德慶藏族自治州、四川的甘孜 藏族自治州和西藏的昌都地區和那曲縣地區。

這三個地區的藏語 方言主要分歧在於語音上，語音上的差異雖然表現在許多方面矛盾上影響面較大的有三種，即有無聲調、有無 清濁聲母的對立和輔音韻尾的多寡。這三個地區為藏語的主要發 源地和只要使用區域，然而這些方言的使用，把這些地方的藏族人也自然而然互相稱為“安多人”“衛藏人”和“康 巴”，從這些名稱上看這三個方言在藏族人民心中的重要 性和認同感。

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